Table of Contents
7 Predictive trigger functions
Overview
Sometimes there are signs of the upcoming problem. These signs can be spotted so that actions may be taken in advance to prevent or at least minimize the impact of the problem.
Zabbix has tools to predict the future behavior of the monitored system based on historic data. These tools are realized through predictive trigger functions.
Functions
Before setting a trigger, it is necessary to define what a problem state is and how much time is needed to take action. Then there are two ways to set up a trigger signaling about a potential unwanted situation. First: the trigger must fire when the system is expected to be in a problem state after the "time to act". Second: the trigger must fire when the system is going to reach the problem state in less than "time to act". Corresponding trigger functions to use are forecast and timeleft. Note that underlying statistical analysis is basically identical for both functions. You may set up a trigger whichever way you prefer with similar results.
Parameters
Both functions use almost the same set of parameters. Use the list of supported functions for reference.
Time interval
First of all, you should specify the historic period Zabbix should analyze to come up with the prediction. You do it in a familiar way by means of the time period parameter and optional time shift like you do it with avg, count, delta, max, min and sum functions.
Forecasting horizon
(forecast only)
Parameter time specifies how far in the future Zabbix should extrapolate dependencies it finds in historic data. No matter if you use time_shift or not, time is always counted starting from the current moment.
Threshold to reach
(timeleft only)
Parameter threshold specifies a value the analyzed item has to reach, no difference if from above or from below. Once we have determined f(t) (see below), we should solve equation f(t) = threshold and return the root which is closer to now and to the right from now or 999999999999.9999 if there is no such root.
When item values approach the threshold and then cross it, timeleft assumes that intersection is already in the past and therefore switches to the next intersection with threshold level, if any. Best practice should be to use predictions as a complement to ordinary problem diagnostics, not as a substitution.1
Fit functions
Default fit is the linear function. But if your monitored system is more complicated you have more options to choose from.
fit |
x = f(t) |
|---|---|
| linear | x = a + b*t |
| polynomialN2 | x = a0 + a1*t + a2*t2 + ... + an*tn |
| exponential | x = a*exp(b*t) |
| logarithmic | x = a + b*log(t) |
| power | x = a*tb |
Modes
(forecast only)
Every time a trigger function is evaluated, it gets data from the specified history period and fits a specified function to the data. So, if the data is slightly different, the fitted function will be slightly different. If we simply calculate the value of the fitted function at a specified time in the future, you will know nothing about how the analyzed item is expected to behave between now and that moment in the future. For some fit options (like polynomial) a simple value from the future may be misleading.
mode |
forecast result |
|---|---|
| value | f(now + time) |
| max | maxnow <= t <= now + time f(t) |
| min | minnow <= t <= now + time f(t) |
| delta | max - min |
| avg | average of f(t) (now <= t <= now + time) according to definition |
Details
To avoid calculations with huge numbers, we consider the timestamp of the first value in specified period plus 1 ns as a new zero-time (current epoch time is of order 109, epoch squared is 1018, double precision is about 10-16). 1 ns is added to provide all positive time values for logarithmic and power fits which involve calculating log(t). Time shift does not affect linear, polynomial, exponential (apart from easier and more precise calculations) but changes the shape of logarithmic and power functions.
Potential errors
Functions return -1 in such situations:
- specified evaluation period contains no data;
- result of mathematical operation is not defined[^3];
- numerical complications (unfortunately, for some sets of input data range and precision of double-precision floating-point format become insufficient)4.
No warnings or errors are flagged if chosen fit poorly describes provided data or there is just too few data for accurate prediction.
Examples and dealing with errors
To get a warning when you are about to run out of free disk space on your host, you may use a trigger expression like this:
However, error code -1 may come into play and put your trigger in a problem state. Generally it's good because you get a warning that your predictions don't work correctly and you should look at them more thoroughly to find out why. But sometimes it's bad because -1 can simply mean that there was no data about the host free disk space obtained in the last hour. If you are getting too many false positive alerts, consider using more complicated trigger expression 5:
The situation is a bit more difficult with forecast. First of all, -1 may or may not put the trigger in a problem state depending on whether you have expression like forecast(/host/item,(...))<... or like forecast(/host/item,(...))>...
Furthermore, -1 may be a valid forecast if it's normal for the item value to be negative. But probability of this situation in the real world situation is negligible (see how the operator = works). So add ... or forecast(/host/item,(...))=-1 or ... and forecast(/host/item,(...))<>-1 if you want or don't want to treat -1 as a problem respectively.
Footnotes
1 For example, a simple trigger like timeleft(/host/item,1h,X) < 1h may go into problem state when the item value approaches X and then suddenly recover once value X is reached. If the problem is item value being below X, use: last(/host/item) < X or timeleft(/host/item,1h,X) < 1h If the problem is item value being above X, use: last(/host/item) > X or timeleft(/host/item,1h,X) < 1h
2 Polynomial degree can be from 1 to 6, polynomial1 is equivalent to linear. However, use higher degree polynomials with caution. If the evaluation period contains less points than needed to determine polynomial coefficients, polynomial degree will be lowered (e.g., polynomial5 is requested, but there are only 4 points, therefore polynomial3 will be fitted).
3 For example, fitting exponential or power functions involves calculating log() of item values. If data contains zeros or negative numbers, you will get an error since log() is defined for positive values only.
4 For linear, exponential, logarithmic and power fits all necessary calculations can be written explicitly. For polynomial only value can be calculated without any additional steps. Calculating avg involves computing polynomial antiderivative (analytically). Computing max, min and delta involves computing polynomial derivative (analytically) and finding its roots (numerically). Solving f(t) = 0 involves finding polynomial roots (numerically).
5 But in this case -1 can cause your trigger to recover from the problem state. To be fully protected use: timeleft(/host/vfs.fs.size[/,free],1h,0)<1h and ({TRIGGER.VALUE}=0 and timeleft(/host/vfs.fs.size[/,free],1h,0)<>-1 or {TRIGGER.VALUE}=1)